They elected Aby Ahmed, a member of the Oromo, the largest ethnic group in the country, as the new leader. In 2018, Ethiopia’s Prime Minister resigned, leading the members of the ruling coalition to unify against the Tigrayan wing. Under its rule, they gave autonomy to the different regions but were criticized on several occasions for the violent repression against the opposition, especially against the Amhara and Oromo ethnic groups. The Tigrayans (as an ethnic group representing 6.1% of the population) succeeded and became the leading member of the coalition that took power of the country in 1991. The origin of the hostilities dates back to the 1970s and 1980s, when the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), started a campaign against the government forces. The attack was the first of a series of offensives against Ethiopian bases in Tigray, that rapidly expanded to the whole country. On 4 November 2020, the TSF launched an assault against an Ethiopian military camp in Dansha, north of Ethiopia. The article also calls and explore opportunities to hold the perpetrators accountable. In the light of the above, this article analyzes whether the sexual and gender-based violence perpetrated by the parties engaged in the conflict constitutes war crimes. According to a report dated 3 November 2021 and authored by the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) and the UN Human Rights Office, there is sufficient evidence to believe that parties engaged in hostilities have committed several violations of international humanitarian law (IHL), international human rights and refugee law.
The commission of war crimes by the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF), the Amhara Special Forces (ASF), the Tigrayan Special Forces (TSF), regional militias, and the Eritrean Defense Force (EDF) has ruptured civilians lives. The hostilities between the government forces and the armed groups have resulted in an escalated number of civilian fatalities.
Indiscriminate attacks against civilians, hospitals and healthcare centers, sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), executions, torture and forcible displacement are just some of the crimes that are taking place in Ethiopia, a fractured country facing an escalation of diverse armed conflicts, with the civilian population caught in the middle of a complex humanitarian and geo-political scenario.Įthiopia has been witnessing the rise of various armed groups in the context of a fraught armed conflict.
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